Abstract
Coronary heart disease has been a major contributor to the number of deaths reported worldwide (Campbell, 2005). The above-mentioned study was carried out in Sweden among men and women with the risk of getting Heart infections. Its main investigation element was to establish the relationship between leisure-time activity spent on physical activity and coronary heart disease. A national, random sample of 2,551 women and 2,645 men, aged 35–74, was interviewed in 1988 and 1989 and followed until December 31, 2000, with respect to CHD incident cases.
Back ground
Previous researches carried out in relation to CHD have indicated there is a very high relationship between physical activity and CHD (Frank, 2005). Though there are other causes of CHD, physical inactivity has come out strongly among them. Previous researches have never related low social economic status to CHD while they have mostly excluded women. It was therefore imperative to try and relate the above mentioned variables in this research.
The objectives
- To establish that physical activity was a contributing factor to CHD.
- To establish the relationship between low social economic status and CHD.
Hypotheses
- There is a relationship between physical inactivity and CHD
- There is a relationship between low social economic status and CHD.
Methodology
Study Design
It is to longitudinal study design was used. (Capewell, 2007). The research covered a period of twelve years.
Sampling
These respondents were got from the Swedish Annual Level of Living Survey, a national survey done some times back. The participants were interviewed face-to-face by trained interviewers, including highly comprehensive questions on social, economic, lifestyle, and health indicators. The respondents were followed for a period of twelve years where all the variables being measured were carefully monitored.
Response
The non-response rate was 21.8%. Participants who had Heart-related infections two years earlier were not included. This was the same to those who described their general heath as poor. While age was used as a continuing factor, gender was strictly divided as being male or female. The other variable was social economic status that was classified as either low income or others. The degree to which one was physically active was divided into four parts All the other variable such as smoking, were also divided into four depending on the degree to which one smokes while body mass index was calculated as weight (kg)/ height (m)2.
The bias that could be detected in this research was the age factor as it assumed that those below the age of 35 were not physically active. The research used the SAS software to perform statistical analysis. A Cox regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of CHD in the different. Because of the similarities between men and women, the risks were calculated together.
Results
It was found that almost half the population performed no or occasional physical activity. 26.9% were found to be current smokers while 38.2% were either obese or overweight. Current smokers and those who performed no physical activity had the highest incidences of CHD. When the amount of physical activity increased, the risk of CHD decreased. Those who performed leisure-time physical activity vigorously at least twice a week exhibited a 54% lower risk of developing CHD than those who performed no leisure-time physical activity The same was also found to be true when income status was related to CHD, the lower the income status of the higher the risk of CHD.
Discussion
These results were in conformance to other previous studies that had been done in the same area (Winkleby, 2003). The risk of contracting CHD was high in individuals who never performed any or occasional physical activity. It also showed that those who do physical exercise ones or twice a week reduced the risk of contracting CHD by 50%. Most studies done before this one mainly focused on men. One which was done in Finland used a very small sample and the use of self administered questionnaires made the data collections techniques questionable. Those studies that used very large samples like one which was done in America with a sample size of 74,000 yielded the same results as this research.
All the researches did previously used physical activity as a variable. It is therefore important to note that in most of the researches done, it was found out that physical activity helps in controlling the use of energy thus also played a role in controlling body mass index. A longitudinal study done among nurses in the US showed that physical activity helped control diabetes mellitus that is one of the causes of CHD. This research therefore was highly effective as the results achieved didn’t vary much with the other types of similar research done before it.
The use of self reported cases from the SALLS can be viewed as one the limitations of this study. The questionnaires should have also captured the nature of occupation of the respondents as some could be engaged in activities that are highly vigorous. However, by the fact that both men and women were involved and those that were only found to be healthy taken as samples, the research can be said to be a success as the sample taken was one that could be easily applied to the general population (Al-Mharmah, 2000).
Acknowledgement
The research was supported and funded by;
- The grants from the National Institutes of Health,
- The Swedish council for Working Life and Social Research
- The Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Research Council
- The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and
- The Stockholm County Council.
References
Capewell S. (2007). Prospective cohort studies of coronary heart disease in the UK: a review of past, present and planned studies. Burlington, MA:Butterworth- Heinemann.
Campbell, J. (2005). An Introductory Guide to putting Research into Practice. New York: Prentince Hall.
Al-Mharmah, H. (2000). Physical activity and Coronary Heart Diseases in Men. Journal of Medical Practice, 18(2), 105-109.
Frank E, K. (2005) Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. New York: Prentice Hall.
Winkleby M, F. (2003). The management of Coronary Heart Diseases: A project life cycle approach. Burlington, MA:Butterworth- Heinemann.
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
