Table of Contents
Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on
HIV voluntary testing cost effectiveness
Just from $9/Page
Methods of Analysis Employed. 4
Abstract Background
This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of voluntary HIV testing strategies. These strategies included, testing once in a lifetime, testing after each five years, and yearly screening. This was in addition to the common practice, for identification of HIV infected persons. The author concluded that yearly voluntary HIV testing, in South Africa, was extremely cost-effective, notwithstandingthe inadequate uptake as well as access in regard to careand treatment. The cost-effectiveness structure was valid and major areas of ambiguity were considered.
Study objectives
This study scrutinized three voluntary HIV testing strategies in regard to their cost-effectiveness. These strategies included, testing once in a lifetime, testing after each five years, and yearly screening. The study also focused on the common practice for identification of HIV infected persons.
Methods
The Setting of the study was located in South Africa, with a focus on primary care. The study was motivated by the rising concern in regard to the high HIV prevalence in South Africa. The national HIV prevalence in South Africa in the populace of individuals two years and above is projectedat 10.8%. Women depict a higher prevalence at 13.3%, while the prevalence in men is projected at 8.2%. The study focused on children from the age of 2 to 14 years, and adults from the age of 15 to 49 years. Individuals above the age of 50 years were also considered.
Ethics
The respondents were granted informed authority prior to their participation in the study. The researchers guaranteed this by notifying the relevant respondents about the rationale of this study. This included, the time limit, contents of the study, as well as the prospective risks. It also included the benefits significant to the study. The respondents were informed regarding the confidentiality of their identities. The researchers guaranteed this by refraining from linking the respondents to their responses to the survey.
Methods of Analysis Employed
The basis of the analysis was on a HIV detection model of population-level model, referred to as the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications (CEPAC) International model.
Clinical data was estimated through the use of data from chosen studies principallyexecuted inSouth Africa, which offered the data on the patients’ characteristics as well as epidemiology. The accuracy as well as the efficacy of the screening was from related published studies. HIV prevalence was a fundamental input for this model.
Economic analysis incorporated the costs of HIV screening, HIV care, regular care, out-patient, and in-patient hospital care, cluster of differentiation four (CD4) count, as well as HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) test. The magnitude of resources and unit costs utilized were from the Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS Initiative 2009, the CTAC study,inventory of negotiated costs, and supplementary published sources. These were discounted at ayearly rate of 3%.The costs were in US dollars.
A variety ofsubstitutesettings were considered, with diverse assumptions for chosen model inputs. Substitute values were obtained from published sources or the authors’ postulations.
Results
Considering the entire population, the estimated costs per individual were $2,330 with standard practice, $2,570 with testing once, $2,740 with testing after every five year period, and $3,330 with yearly testing. Quality-adjusted life expectancyrated 213.7 months with standard practice, 215.7 months with testing once, 216.8 months in the five-yearly testing, and 221.0 months in the yearly testing.The incremental investigationdepicted that testing once was imperceptibly dominated, since it was less helpful and not as much in cost-effectiveness, by five-yearly testing, while the incremental expenditure per Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained rated $1,570 in the five-yearly testing over standard practice and $1,720 with yearly testing over five-yearly testing. The two strategies proved to be economically attractive in comparison to the South African per capita GDP threshold.
The cost-effectiveness of testing was sustained in a number of scenarios, in spite of presumptuous low baseline incidence and prevalence of HIV. Antiretroviral therapy effectiveness was the parameter the depicted the strongest influence on the cost-effectiveness ratios. Yearly screening was generally, the most cost-effective stratagem.
The authors in the study concluded that yearly voluntary HIV testing in South Africa was extremely cost-effective, in spite of limited access and uptake to HIV care and treatment.
The authors acknowledged that their outcomes were expected to be generalized outside South Africa, in nations with similar high HIVprevalence.
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
