Introduction
Several individuals identify Hong Kong, a multi-national financial hub, business epicenter, shopping heaven, and tourist terminus, but are yet uncertain on its actual identity. Is Hong Kong a de facto nation or is it a part of China? As with several things in Hong Kong, the response is not clear cut. The relationship between Hong Kong and China is way too way intricate than a majority of people recognize. It entails economics, politics, laws, trade, and, on top of it all, the people. “Hongkongers,” as they are recognized, who stayed for ages under the effect and was of previous rule Great Britain are chary on the intentions of China and incensed on the mainland’s interfering in its political matters. Mainland China and Hong Kong supplement one another economically.
Nonetheless, their political differences stay rooted. The century-long parting between the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong formed breaches which may not be effortlessly linked even if the two are formally one nation. Afore Hong Kong and mainland China may unite; they should surmount considerable differences.
Hong Kong
To comprehend the genesis of Hong Kong’s parting from the mainland. One should look back at the Opium Wars between China and Great Britain (1839-1860). In the course of these militia and trade chaos, China was forced to relinquish Hong Kong Island and a segment of Kowloon to Great Britain in eternity. In 1898, Britain discussed a mainland extension of the Hong Kong society and signed a 99-year contract with China. The agreement culminated in 1898, at which moment Britain gave back Hong Kong to China as a Special Administrative Region (SAR) referred to as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (HKSAR).
Under the canon of “one nation, dual systems,” China permitted the previous society to remain to rule itself and keep several self-governing systems for a stint of five centuries. The Basic Law designates the restricted independence of Hong Kong.
China
Formally referred to as the People’s Republic of China, this East Asian nation is the globe’s most populated, with a populace of more than 1.4 billion persons. China is ruled by the Communist Party of China, which has authority on 22 provinces, five independent areas, four direct-governed metropolises, and the SARs of both Macau and Hong Kong.
China has a second biggest economy globally, at $12.2 trillion, behind the U.S., at 19.4 trillion, based on a report by World Bank. China founded its economy on immense industry growth, ramping up the nation’s industrialized and service productivity over the years. Lately, consumer needs have stimulated growth. Nevertheless, following a hard 2018, in which the country was involved in a commerce war with the U.S., the economy of China developed at its slow speed in 28 years.
The Gross Domestic Product of China developed at a pace of 6.6%, the slowest as from 1990, the state said. China is projecting 2019 GDP development of between 6% and 6.5%. Several economists have admitted that they are chary of the precision of China’s economic development self-accounting over the years, nevertheless. Nonetheless, a Reuter’s census of economists’ forecasts Chinese development to slow to a 6.3% speed in 2019.
Basic Variances in Government
Maybe the most considerable dissimilarity between Hong Kong and mainland China is that the mainland is communist whereas Hong Kong has a restricted democracy. Both have the same President as their head of state. Nevertheless, each has its ruler of government; the premier is the chief of mainland China, whereas the principal executive is the ruler of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The principal executive is liable to the Central People’s Government. The reign of the chief executive id for half a decade, and whichever individual may serve for a maximum of two successive terms.
Irrespective the parting in systems and liberties assured by the Basic Law, the mainland Chinese government does affirm itself in regional Hong Kong politics. In 2014, the area perceived mass scale demonstrations and protests against China’s planned transformations for nominating the Chief Executive. Demonstrators protested that only those candidates who allied their interests with China would be permitted to run.
Hong Kong similarly has its distinct lawful and justice systems (comprising a copyrighted police potency), district establishments (lacking political authority), and public workers, widely founded on the British common rule exemplary. Nevertheless, for family matters and land tenure, Hong Kong, reverts to the accustomed Chinese government exemplary.
Significant Differences in Army And Diplomacy
Hong Kong accedes to the mainland in China in two primary fields; international relations and military defense. Hong Kong might not keep its militia; the region oversees the militia defense of Hong Kong.
In international discretion, Hong Kong has no distinct identity from mainland China. For instance, Hong Kong has no autonomous representation in the United Security Council, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the Group of 77 at the United Nations, or the Group of 22. Nevertheless, Hong Kong might participate in occasions of chosen international establishments like the World Health Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations World Tourism Organization, and Asian Development Bank, although a secondary affiliate and not a participant state. It might likewise partake in trade-linked occasions and agreements under the similar title “Hong Kong, China.”
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region might not keep any distinct diplomatic relations with external nations. The Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region carries out all foreign matters. Foreign nations might have consulate offices in Hong Kong, but locate their chief Chinese embassies on the mainland. The residents of Hong Kong have a distinct passport from the citizens of mainland China. Both should acquire approval afore visiting the other area. Even overseas tourists who visit Hong Kong should obtain a separate visa afore getting into China.
Main Variances in Levies And Currencies
The decree of “one nation, dual systems” permits for the co-existence of capitalism and socialism under “one nation,” which is mainland China. This decree has granted Hong Kong the independence to linger with its unrestricted-venture system, instead of amalgamating into the communistic organization in China. Hong Kong has autonomous funds, and the People’s Republic of China does not intrude in its tax regulations or impose any taxes on Hong Kong.
The area has its strategies linked to monies, fiscal, commerce, foreign exchange, and customs. Mainland China and Hong Kong have different currencies. Hong Kong still uses the Hong Kong dollar, which is nailed under the Linked Exchange Rate System to the U.S. dollar. The mainland uses the Chinese Yuan as an authorized tender. Merchants in Hong Kong do not easily take the Yuan.
Main Variances in Economics
Even in moments of perverse diplomatic ties, the economic relations have stayed strong amid the mainland and its SAR. Mainland China and Hong Kong lift each other’s economies, and the dual has good economic lies. It is worth noting that Hong Kong, which is considered as the globe’s “most free economy,” may likewise be labeled as a “service economy,” as this division creates almost 93.6% of the GDP.
The economy of Hong Kong has seen an immense reform in the previous decade as services took a front row in the area with manufacturing transition base to the mainland. The addition of manufacturing about 7.3% in the GDP withered over the years, whereas agriculture does not add to the GDP, as Hong Kong is not rich in natural resources and relies on imports for raw materials and food. The service export comprises services linked to commerce, travel, transportation, and financial. Generally, the economy of Hong Kong is characterized by reduced rates of taxes, free trade, and reduced government intrusion.
The economy of mainland China is more reliant on manufacturing; even though, in current years, the service sector has begun to rise. Nonetheless, the share of services in the GDP is way lesser compared to that of advanced nations like the U.S. and Japan and likewise more minor compared to that of advancing countries like India and Brazil. Agriculture constitutes about 10% of China’s GDP, whereas it is negligible in Hong Kong’s.
Based on the Trade and Industry Department, HKSAR reports, mainland China is Hong Kong’s primary destination for local exports about 45.6% besides for re-exports around 54.9%. It is similarly the largest provider of imports for Hong Kong around 47.8% and the primary source for re-exports almost 61.9%. Based on the Ministry of Commerce reports, PRC, Hong Kong is the mainland’s fourth-biggest commerce partner and one of its main markets for export. Mainland China is likewise Hong Kong’s biggest commerce partner and source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
Hong Kong in several regards is considered as an escape to China for those who are concerned in conducting business on the mainland or gaining access to Chinese investments or stocks. From HKTDC reports, the Hong Kong commerce development commission, “amongst all the foreign-financed projects authorized in the Chinese Mainland, 44.3% were linked to Hong Kong concerns”.
Main Variances in Stock Markets
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange has been the chosen terminus for mainstream Chinese companies looking to gain capital, as the mainland Chinese stock markets are more restrictive and conservative. By mid-2018, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange enumerated almost 1,051 mainland Chinese firms, 50% of the sum on the exchange. In regards to market capitalization, these firms were responsible for 56.9% of the stock market in Hong Kong.
As of mid-November 2014, a program labeled Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect, was inaugurated, which founds a cross-border platform for gaining access to investments and stock markets. This configuration enables investors in these areas to deal in particular firms enumerated on one another’s stock exchange via their regional securities corporates. With this scheme, almost 568 firms in the mainland will be accessible through Hong Kong. Till now, there was no straight linkage for individual stockholders in Hong Kong or abroad to Chinese stocks.
These individual stockholders could partake indirectly through particular finances and investment products like Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (RQFII) finances, and RQFII A-share exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Therefore, moving forward, individual stockholders in Hong Kong and abroad will be able to commerce Shanghai-listed-A-shares of above 500 firms besides these finances. Identically, individual stockholders in the mainland will get direct linkage to the stock of firms in Hong Kong.
The Anthropological Perspective
China has a very exceptional topic of study. There tends to exist no relative feature to how China is approached and maybe a sort of hesitancy to relate to it a social philosophy that is founded in other regions of the sphere. It is essential to have that form or relative feature to be engrossed in a conversation on what China is like in the different areas of the globe.
It is irrefutable that anthropology has had the most significant effect on other disciplines of social investigation from the 1980s to 1990s. The entire post-modernism is so much powered by what anthropologists have formed in the previous one or two decades.
Modernity and Nationalism
It is not conceivable to address Chinese nationalism either as something exceptional to the antiquity of China or merely in regards to overall categories. One of the underlying concerns in the social disciplines presently is the refusal of very comprehensive, homogenizing depictions of societies. When the nation of China is studied, there is a convergence of several approaches and familiarities. Often. It is assumed that the present formal outlook is the conventional one; but the viewpoint of several generations, classes, and sub-national clusters might be very dissimilar. At whichever given an instance, there is a collection of contestatory definitions and claims related to them to procedures of legitimization and reception. Nationalism is a contemporary notion. It is not a homogenous word that describes to all places and all times. Nationalisms often refer to the antique period from the 19th century, when changes in the manner society were organized gave individuals a sense of being contemporary.
Print Capitalism
This predicament of culture on several different degrees, for several individuals and clusters in society, has to be part of the discourse on nationalism. Nationalism is a contemporary version of cultural making. It is an effort to designate culture about the space of the nation-state. There exists nothing natural on nationalism; it has to be generated. In pre-contemporary societies, in Manchu China, individuals perceived so much as part of the clan or the lineage or a village. Their logic of community was much more one-on-one. Their capacity to think of a more theoretical territory as part of their being is new. However, when the Manchus attacked China, or maybe earlier, with the Mongol attack, they had a logic of a Han Chinese individuality that distinguished itself from the Manchus or Mongols. But the distinction is that this was not regarded in the relationship with the national state, with the confines, as the later nationalism that is the creation of the nation-state system. The new aspects are the notion of an identical political establishment with no rival sovereignties and how that notion of a state is disseminated.
In the Chinese kingdom, which consisted of very diverse and dispersed individuals, it is the rise of what is referred to as print capitalism that gave birth to the conceivability, through the popular printed material, for individuals to perceive themselves as people of the same country. Printing, know-how for the dissemination of information, was the essential technology to bring together the territory. This was a new type of imagining, surpassing earlier kinds of abstract communities founded on civilization, religion, and one-on-one exchanges.
Every nationalism has to accommodate a range of various dissimilar clustering, and the political, and normally demographic mainstream cluster tends to levy a hierarchy of several ethno-racial grouping. Formally, China claims to be a multi-nation state, but every nationality is part of the nation of China. In Taiwan, there is a distinction between the Austronesian indigenous groups, mainlanders who are Mandarin-speaking progenies of migrants who arrived in Taiwan with the Kuomintang in 1949, Taiwanese who are progenies of antique Chinese migration, and some dialectal clusters similarly from the mainland who distinguish themselves from others.
Both the Taiwanese constructions and the mainland Chinese target at outlining multi-national societies, but how they are framed is somewhat different. They entail another kind of reasoning, various types of discussions, which converge in several ways. Confucianism is necessitated in China, and it is included and applied in a slightly different manner in Taiwan, where, since 1949, it has been held up as part of the nation concept. On the mainland, nevertheless, Confucianism has been seriously invaded in the course of much of the post-1949 period, but in late years of market transformations, it has perceived a renaissance as the government has sought several ways other than communist notion to outline individuality and the political legality of the governors.
Specific series of categorizations, the serialization of awareness is undeniably crucial to the project on nationalism. In Malaysia, the whole logic of who was Indian, Chinese, Malay and so forth was established by census classifications derived from British colonial rule. These classifications structured one’s identity in lawful and social approaches. Anthropologically speaking, it was not usually specific what precisely was a Chinese, since individuals had a mix of originality. Southeast Asia has antiquely been an area recognized for its concealing of cultural boundaries. These classifications came to strengthen identities in very particular ways. All residents had to walk along with an identification card of a specific ethnic class, Chinese, a label that comes with every kind of speculations.
It is therefore essential to regard what affects or forms ethno-racial configuration. There might be the impact of a nation implement that outlines various classifications of marginal societies, there might be kinds of cultural self-identification, and there might similarly be the impacts of popular culture and markets. For example, after years of disguise, some Thai subjects have come out to expose that they have Chinese originality. The economic explosion in Southeast Asia and the emergence of Chinese social links have made it more satisfactory to be ethnic Chinese besides Thai. There exists, therefore, place and time coordinate that must adjust homogenizing opinions of the racial and national identity.
Aspects of Modern-Day Globalization in China
Businesspeople in Beijing are capable to by-pass a particular Chinese predicament, meals in Chinese eateries are highly economical. Individuals try to surmount each other by providing the most expensive snacks and drinks. It is characteristic for a host at meals to worry that clients at adjacent tables may be delighting in better meals, therefore, causing her or him to lose face. Such rivalry does not exist in other areas. Western fast-foods series have pushed mainstream of more customary snack traders out of commerce, but rather than resulting in an Americanization of taste, and it has instigated an explosion of regional fast foods. In Beijing, a local series opened more than 1000 branches which serve Chinese foods like roasted dumplings and duck.
Conclusion
The nationalism of Chinese was not exceedingly cultural in its earlier phases. Modernity was a national project, not just in the logic of establishing a socialist nation in a late advancing nation but similarly in the philosophy of the considered inculcation of socialist culture by the Communist Party and the repression of Chinese feudalism. However, the recent post-Mao version of development, the reform and opening up to the rest of the globe, has led to a different affiliation to Chinese feudal culture. There has been a revitalization of Confucianism, which appears to be the form of cultural articulation that goes well with capitalism.
References
Xu, *], Xiaobing, and **], George D. Wilson. 2000. “The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region as a Model of Regional External Autonomy.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 32 (1): 1. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=3128720&site=ehost-live.
Tang, James T. H. 1999. “Business as Usual: The Dynamics of Government-Business Relations in Hong Kong..” Journal of Contemporary China 8 (21): 276. doi:10.1080/10670569908724348.
Hui, Po-Keung, and Kin-Chi Lau. 2015. “‘Living in Truth’ versus Realpolitik: Limitations and Potentials of the Umbrella Movement.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 16 (3): 348–66. doi:10.1080/14649373.2015.1069051.
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