The subject for the present review is the book Powers that Be by Walter Wink published in 1999. The topic of the book is spiritual and religious; it is the continuation of previous works of the author on the exploration of the powers that , and the way they may provide a positive or a negative impact on people (Wink, 1999, p. 13). Wink (1999) also speculates on the philosophy of redemptive power of violence nurtured in Christianity and offers a new concept of active non-violence that can substitute both violence and passiveness in oppression (p. 42, 112).
The main themes of the book circle around the ways Christians react to oppression, and the challenges in the way of Christians to react to violence conducted over them. The concept of Jesus Third Way is introduced as an alternative standpoint regarding both violence and perception thereof that should be nurtured by genuine Christians as a way to the peaceful future.
Speaking about the evaluation of the book and the critical review of the authors goals, one should first of all note that the author seems to have coped with the well, which can be seen from the comprehensive outlook at the history of religion, history of violence and non-violence, and the delineation of objectives for the future action for all Christians to reform their lives. Wink offers a deep insight into what non-violence represents, and how it has been successfully introduced in many countries practices. One of the examples he provides is one of treating Nazis after all evil they have done to Jews and other nations:
the churches as a whole were too docile or anti-Semitic, and too ignorant of the nonviolent message of the gospel, to act effectively against the Nazis. Because the churches had failed to train members in the nonviolent resistance, no alternative to violence was available (Wink, 1999, p. 153).
However, the most remarkable part is that Wink (1999) offers a deep and thoughtful, of the modern Christian perception of their religions history and main postulates. This way, Wink (1999) deconstructs the notion of violent response to the threats to religion, believers, etc. However, the author does not offer Christians to sit and patiently wait while they are abuse, discriminated, and neglected (p. 128). Wink (1999) has something alternative to offer instead of violence, and the way he proves violence is not a way out for the genuine Christian. It is through a detailed and skillful historical review that the reader can understand the true meaning of some Biblical truths in the way they were initially designed. The author explores the fundamental guideline of the gospel to turn the right cheek to the offender who has already beat one in the left cheek:
The left cheek now offers a perfect target for a blow with the right fist; but only equals fought with fists, as we know from Jewish sources, and the last thing the master wishes to do is establish this underlings equality. This act of defiance renders the master incapable of asserting his dominance in this relationship (Wink, 1999, p. 102).
The way out supposed by Wink (1999) is very logical and innovative, giving both the freedom of action to a Christian, but letting him or she has an alternative standpoint about good and in each persons life. Wink (1999) explains that the Bible in its original, true meaning supposes that people should not make enemies of those who have done evil to them, but should give them space for transformation, as every person in the world has capabilities for improvement and change for the good (p. 101). Thus, the Jesus Third Way is the new interpretation of redemptive violence as an empty and wrong dogma. The Jesus Third Way, instead, offers the way of non-violent change and resistance to violence and aggression, which includes positive and constructive efforts to , people, and institutions into good ones (Wink, 1999, p. 98).
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